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The Linux kernel is a restless beast, and must continally evolve and change. Especially in ways that mystify us poor end lusers. A recent wrinkle, as of kernel version 2.6.20, is changing the /dev names for ATA devices, so that all ATA and SCSI devices are named /dev/sd*. This is a result of using the shiny new libata subsystem. In the olden days PATA (also called IDE) hard drives and ATAPI devices (CD/DVD, tape drives) were /dev/hd*, and SCSI and SATA devices were /dev/sd*.
However, not all Linux distributions default to using libata. *buntu Feisty and Gutsy are all over the map; some versions of them use the new naming convention, some don’t, and I haven’t figured out which ones, or why. You can see how your own system handles these names with a couple of simple commands. This example from Kubuntu Gutsy shows the old style:
$ ls /dev|grep '[s|h]d[a-z]' hda hda1 hda2 hdc hdd sda sda1 sda2 $ mount|grep ^'/dev' /dev/hda1 on / type ext3 (rw,errors=remount-ro) /dev/sda1 on /home type ext3 (rw) /dev/sda2 on /media/sda2 type ext3 (rw) /dev/hda2 on /var type ext3 (rw)
The first command shows all the ATA and SCSI devices detected by your kernel. The second command shows which ones are mounted. On this system there is one PATA hard disk with two partitions (hda), two CD/DVD drives (hdc, hdd), and one SATA disk with two partitions (sda). When I boot into Fedora 8, which defaults to libata, it looks like this:
$ ls /dev|grep '[s|h]d[a-z]' sda sda1 sda2 sdb sdb1 sdb2
Where are the two CD/DVD drives? These get /dev/sr* names under libata:
$ ls /dev|grep sr sr0 sr1
So why did this happen? Is it because kernel developers have cruel senses of humor, and delight in tormenting us? While that is a possibility, the real reason, as always, is to improve the kernel. The Linux kernel has evolved considerably since the bad old days of ide-scsi, the old ide subsystem, and the ATAPI subsystem. All of these had their problems. This has all been replaced by libata, which is easier to maintain, supports more devices, and works better.
In addition to cleaning up a pile of old kernel messes, libata supports power management, SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology System), and SATA port multiplier (PMP). PMP means you can use a single controller with multiple SATA devices. The one downside is you don’t get as many partitions on PATA disks- under the old IDE subsystem you could have 64 partitions, but you only get 15 under libata. So if you like to carve your PATA disks into vast numbers of partitions, you’ll either need to use the old subsystems and drivers, or join the 21st century and use LVM. (Or try the experimental kernel patch by Carl-Daniel Hailfinger that lets you have 127 partitions on a single hard disk; see Resources.)
Just like in the olden days, udev may change your device names. While udev has a lot of advantages, it often means spending time figuring out how to nail down device names and mountpoints. Most Linux distributions ship with default udev configurations that create persistent names for hard drives. Look for something like /etc/udev/rules.d/65-persistent-storage.rules to see how your system is configured. However, /etc/fstab can still get bollixed, or you might want a removable USB storage device to have a persistent name and mountpoint, so your best tactic is to use UUIDs instead of /dev names. An example entry looks like this, except in real life the UUID line is unbroken:
# /dev/sda1 UUID=b099f554-db0b-45d4-843e-0d6a1c43ba44 /home ext3 defaults 0 2
Yes, UUIDs are long and unattractive. But they are unique, so no matter what udev or anything else on your system tries to do with them, they will always be the same. How do you know what the UUID is?
# vol_id -u /dev/sda1 b099f554-db0b-45d4-843e-0d6a1c43ba445
On Fedora it’s /lib/udev/vol_id.
Another option is to use filesystem labels. Red Hat, Fedora, and all of their extended family like to use them. Labels are quick and easy to create or change. An entry in /etc/fstab looks like this:
LABEL=/1 / ext3defaults 1 1
vol_id –export [device name] displays complete information, including labels. Where does this label come from? Fedora creates it at installation. To create or change filesystem labels, you need to use a command specific to your filesystem. e2label is for Ext3. For ReiserFS, use reiserfstune, and you must unmount the filesystem first. On XFS use xfs_admin, and for JFS you need jfs_tune. For FAT filesystems use mlabel, which is part of mtools.
With libata, how do you know which of your PATA drives are masters or slaves, and on which IDE controller? Just look at the output of dmesg|grep ata, and then use this table to figure out what’s what:
ata1.00 primary master ata1.01 primary slave ata2.00 secondary master ata2.01 secondary slave
dmesg also tells you if the kernel sees your PATA and ATAPI drives as hd or sd. Run dmesg|grep ‘[s|h]d[a-z]’ to find out.
Resources
- Merging libata PATA support into the base kernel
- libATA FAQ
- support for 127 Partitions on SATA, IDE and SCSI
- Manage Linux Storage with LVM and Smartctl
Carla Schroder is the author of the Linux Cookbook and the newly-released Linux Networking Cookbook, and is a regular contributor to LinuxPlanet.
This article was first published on LinuxPlanet.com.
