FreeBSD to Upgrade Routing Architecture

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Though the open source FreeBSD operating system has changed in many aspects over the last 16 years of its life, one item that has remained relatively static is its underlying network routing architecture.

No more: It’s getting an overhaul with the upcoming FreeBSD 8.0 release.

FreeBSD 8.0, due out next month, will include a new routing architecture that takes advantage of parallel processing capabilities. According to its developers, the update will provide FreeBSD 8.0 with a faster more advanced routing architecture than the legacy architecture.

It’s an important change for FreeBSD, which has emerged as a key open source operating system for networking vendors, with players like Juniper, Coyote Point, Blue Coat and others offering their own network operating systems that are based on FreeBSD.

The new routing architecture was written Qing Li, senior architect at Blue Coat, as a way to give back to the open source community.

“Blue Coat’s ProxySG networking kernel was partially derived from the FreeBSD kernel,” Li told InternetNews.com. “Blue Coat is a sponsor of my open source development work, so this is a good way to contribute to the open source community.”

Blue Coat’s ProxySG is a WAN optimization device that relies on network intelligence to accelerate traffic.

The new routing architecture in FreeBSD 8 is also about optimization, as it reduces data dependencies across networking layers. The end result is a routing architecture that can take better advantage of multi-core, parallel processing CPUs.

“The new routing technology works on both multi-core as well as single-core CPUs,” Li said. “The performance gain is most visible in the multi-core situation, though.”

But making changes also has important implications for BSD 8.0, since a key goal of the release is about ensuring a degree of compatibility with prior releases and the existing software ecosystem.

“Since the rewrite affects fundamental packet processing and the operation of protocols within the networking kernel, I had to ensure regression risk was low and compatibility was high,” Li said. “For example, those applications that are part of the ports, which interact with the kernel (e.g. retrieving the routing information, waiting for notification about routing table changes ) will continue to compile and operate semantically correct.”

In a technical paper that Li is publishing and talking about today at a conference in Spain, Li explained that the legacy version of the FreeBSD routing architecture actually reduced parallelism on SMP (define) and parallel architectures.

“As a result of the dependency between L2 and L3 (define), the processing through these two layers was single-threaded,” Li wrote in his paper. “A common parallel TCP/IP protocol stack design is to allow L2 and higher layer processing to run independently of each other, having each processor managing different protocols. The aforementioned locking contention increased processor stalling and prevented one from benefiting from more advanced hardware platforms.”

According to Li, contention locks consumed as much as 47 percent of a CPU’s time with the legacy routing architecture, determined through a test with eight transmitting threads.

“With the new split L2/L3 design, the L2 and L3 references can be cached in the protocol control block for connected sockets or in a flow table for unconnected sockets and forwarding,” Li wrote. “Thus we see that very little of the CPU time is now spent in the locking primitives even when there are [eight] transmitting threads.”

But what is it called?

While many operating system vendors will tend to brand new or improved technology with interesting names, that’s not the case with the new routing architecture in FreeBSD 8.0.

“No, there is no catchy name,” Li told InternetNews.com. “On the mailing list, I typically referred to it as ‘L2/L3 rewrite’ [and] ‘new ARP/ND6 rewrite’ when answering questions and providing patches.”

Sun Microsystems, in contrast, recently pushed out a new networking architecture called Project Crossbow, for its openSolaris operating system. A key part of Project Crossbow is a virtualization layer for networking interfaces to improve scalability and optimization.

Sun and FreeBSD are hardly strangers, with Sun technology helping out in the FreeBSD 7.1 release earlier this year.

Expect to see similar approaches showing up in FreeBSD, as well.

“Virtualization will be part of my future work,” Li said. “As a FreeBSD developer who works for Blue Coat, my areas of focus will continue to be virtualization, TCP optimization and tuning with additional IPv6 support.”

Article courtesy of InternetNews.com.