Data storage expert Henry Newman points out that tape data storage has a limited lifespan. He goes inside the numbers to provide guidance about data managers can understand this limitation long before it causes problems.
In August 2006 I wrote an article exposing the fact that, like any device, tape has a life span. As all of you who read this column regularly know, I am a big proponent of tape and archival storage. I believe that given the hard error rate, the very low power usage and low cooling costs, and the lower cost per TB, tape is the best medium for long-term storage.
Like any medium, tape has a life span, and that life span is not just based on the interface becoming old and no longer supported. Some examples of the interface support issue include Fibre Channel 1 Gbit, Fibre Channel 2 Gbit and Fibre Channel 4 Gbit (likely soon), but that is not what I am talking about.
I am talking about the tape’s life based the medium itself. Media wears out for a variety of reasons, including things like the stretching of the tape backing. There are many reasons, and the reasons are not the point of the column. The point is: What are the numbers? What are you going to do about it? What is missing from what vendors tell you, and want you to hear and not hear? Media technology wearing out is not limited to just tape media; it is also true of the disk drive. Again, I am not picking on tape! Try taking a consumer SATA drive, run it 7×24 doing head seeks and reading or writing, and do not try to tell me that flash does not have wear issues, either. Vendors address the flash by wear-leveling and adding extra cells. Anything that is electronic or mechanical will wear out. The real question is, what are the characteristics of this wear out, and what can you do to prevent it before the tape goes bad?
The Numbers
First of all, I want to thank the people at Imation for providing this information and updating the chart from 2006. The information Imation provided included many tapes that are no longer in use. I cut the chart down to what I consider modern tapes. What is clear from this chart is that if you read and write tapes very often, they will exceed what Imation says the tape is guaranteed to — not that it will fail at that point, but when you exceed the expected usage. Note Imation’s data is likely similar to other vendors, but no other vendors would provide the information publicly.
| Configuration | Long-Length Durability * | Example of Usage Life | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Product Name | Uncompressed Capacity (native) | Total Data Tracks Written On Tape | Data Tracks Written Each Pass | Total EOL End-to-End Passes | Number of Passes to Write Full Capacity (native) | Number of Full Capacity Writes/Reads (EOL) | Years of Life Assuming 1 Full Capacity Write per Month ** | Years of Life Assuming 1 Full Capacity Write per Week ** | Total TB Processed Over Full Life Uncompressed |
| Imation T10000 | 500 GB | 768 | 32 | 4800 | 24 | 200 | 17 | 4 | 97.66 |
| Imation T10000B | 1000 GB | 1152 | 32 | 7200 | 36 | 200 | 17 | 4 | 195.31 |
| Imation LTO 1 | 100 GB | 384 | 8 | 9600 | 48 | 200 | 17 | 4 | 19.53 |
| Imation LTO 2 | 200 GB | 512 | 8 | 16000 | 64 | 250 | 21 | 5 | 48.83 |
| Imation LTO 3 | 400 GB | 704 | 16 | 16000 | 44 | 364 | 30 | 7 | 142.05 |
| Imation LTO 4 | 800 GB | 896 | 16 | 11200 | 56 | 200 | 17 | 4 | 156.25 |
| Imation LTO 5 | 1500 GB | 1280 | 16 | 16000 | 80 | 200 | 17 | 4 | 292.97 |
Read more about tape data storage at EnterpriseStorageForum.