Thursday, March 28, 2024

Toward the Wireless Office

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If you suggested a few years ago that it would be a good idea to network an office using only wireless technology, IT professionals would have laughed in your face.

Wireless was unreliable, insecure, unmanageable, couldn’t easily provide the capacity or bandwidth needed–a bad idea all round. Besides, why would you want to?

Today, the notion of a wireless office–where most, if not all access, including voice, is over a Wi-Fi network–has hardly taken the world by storm. But, it is beginning to garner interest and credibility.

The upside of going wireless

The benefits, including cost savings, productivity boosts, and the ability to deploy applications, such as locationing and tracking that are only possible with wireless, are becoming more difficult to dismiss, if not always easy to quantify.

The downside trade-offs meanwhile have largely disappeared, even if the perception persists among some IT professionals of Wi-Fi as unreliable, unsecured, etc.

There have been a few major deployments. Osaka Gas, the third largest utility in Japan, equipped about 6,000 employees with dual-mode 3G/Wi-Fi phones that work over the NTT DoCoMo cellular network as well as on the company’s Wi-Fi network. Virtually all network access by employees is wireless. 

Meru Networks, which supplied the infrastructure equipment, claims the Japanese company is the largest all-wireless enterprise in the world, with 800 access points and 72 of Meru’s MC1000 network controllers.

The key to the Osaka Gas deployment–and arguably a defining characteristic of the wireless office–is the use of wireless VoIP or VoWi-Fi. A case study at Meru’s Web site says the VoWi-Fi system will save the company about US$4 million a year (although it doesn’t say exactly how).

The system also makes employees more efficient because they can now answer calls at any time as if they were at their desks, even when they’re in another office. And they have access to business-critical documents anywhere they go, which will help them deliver better customer service.

But, Osaka Gas is very much a pioneer.

“The percentage of companies doing this is definitely in the single digits,” says analyst and consultant Craig Mathias, principal at Farpoint Group and a strong proponent of the wireless office.

Vendors agree.

“It’s in the early-adopter stage,” says Sujai Hajela, vice president and general manager of enterprise WLAN at Motorola Inc. 

CIOs like the concept, Hajela says, and want to ensure that whatever network investments they make today will leave them the option to go all-wireless in future. But, most are not ready to pull the plugs yet.

Thinking ahead

Meru’s Steve Troyer, vice president of product marketing, says that while most of his company’s customers are now deploying pervasive Wi-Fi networks–meaning they provide coverage everywhere in a facility–only “a handful” are following Osaka Gas’s lead and putting voice over Wi-Fi.

That will change, Mathias believes.

“Over the next ten years, we see it getting to the point where 30% to 50% [of companies] will have only wireless at the desktop–no RJ11 [telephone jacks]–and  over time that will creep up asymptotically to 100%. There’ll always some number that aren’t wireless.”

So, what will drive companies to adopt an all-wireless strategy?

The trend to virtual workforces and office “hoteling” is one driver, says Michael Tennefoss, head of strategic marketing at Aruba Networks, Inc. More and more employees work part of the time at home or at client or satellite sites, and then come to a central office where they may not have a permanent workstation.

An all-wireless network makes this kind of arrangement easier to manage, especially one that uses a unified security approach based on user identity rather than method of access. Users with laptops can easily log in to the corporate network wherever they go, whether over the WLAN, corporate WAN, or a public network.

And then there is simply the trend to increased intra-office mobility. Many workers today spend most of their time away from their assigned offices, in client and team meetings, co-workers’ offices, labs, and on factory floors.

Tennefoss cites a survey of Microsoft employees–admittedly not your average workforce–in which 93% said they use their computers outside their own offices some of the time. Seventy percent said they spend at least a quarter of the work day wirelessly, 30% of them more than six hours a day–and 72% said they could work without any wires at all.

Microsoft employees also say the freedom of wireless makes them more efficient, with 70% claiming they save at least five hours a week as a result.

Mathias believes there are other, more difficult-to-prove, but possibly more important, productivity benefits from being able to respond “then and there,” wherever you are, to communications by e-mail, IM, or phone.

“You might be able to beat the competition just on your ability to react more quickly,” he says.

Mobile employees enabled by WLANs won’t always or necessarily respond quickly, he concedes, but with appropriate training and leadership, wireless can help create a culture of quick response and non-procrastination.

“It’s difficult to measure,” Mathias says. “There have been no really good studies to this point, but over time, I think you’ll see that people who have access to mobile information are much more productive than those who do not.”

The cost savings wireless can deliver are supposedly easier to quantify–although none of the vendors we talked to could deliver actual hard-and-fast case-study evidence.

But, Tennefoss says more and more of his customers are turning to wireless now to reduce the impact on the IT department of constant moves, adds, and changes within the office—which, of course, translates to costs. With wireless and identity-based network security, that impact is virtually zero, he says.

Overcoming infrastructure

While most office buildings today are built with Cat-5 wiring already installed and most large companies have long since pulled all or most of the Ethernet cabling they need, in greenfield scenarios or where you’re extending a network, wireless “may” be cheaper, Mathias says.

The vendors say it always is, or at least can be. The cost inherent in wired networks, they point out, is not the cabling itself or other infrastructure, it’s the labor involved.

“The cost of wiring up a new building versus putting in a pervasive wireless network is substantial,” says Meru’s Troyer.

Finally, there are applications that are only possible with wireless. RFID tracking that rides on top of a Wi-Fi network can be used not just to track assets, but also people. A hospital in Thailand, for example, is using RFID tracking on its pervasive Wi-Fi network to locate the nearest doctor in an emergency.

Locationing technology could also be used to refine facility security systems, sending out alerts when non-authorized personnel enter a restricted area, for example. Or it could be used for network security to ensure visitors to a facility only have access to the network in the room or area they’ve been assigned.

None of these incentives would count for anything, of course, if the technology had not improved to the point that it was feasible in the first place to think of using it as a primary network medium.

Safety first

The emergence of WPA (wired protected access) and bullet-proof WPA2 encryption systems as replacements for the compromised WEP (wired equivalent protocol) of earlier Wi-Fi generations, has “solved the security problem,” Mathias says.

Wireless security is now as good as wired networks “or probably better from a physical connection perspective,” Troyer argues. “After all, anybody can plug into a wired port and get access to your network, but without the encryption mechanism for WPA2, there is no access [on a wireless network].”

The emergence of central wireless controller products from several vendors in the last three or four years has also made it easier to manage networks and client devices on them. This was a key requirement from the perspective of IT managers who were accustomed to similar manageability on wired networks. And network management is probably even more important on wireless networks.

“Wi-Fi is a shared medium,” Troyer notes. “Unless you’re able to control or coordinate the way clients have, and applications get, access to that shared medium, you’re always going to have unreliability, or the perception of unreliability. And as a result companies won’t use [Wi-Fi] pervasively.”

Enhancements to quality of service (QoS) mechanisms with the ratification of 802.11e helped make wireless viable as a medium for latency-sensitive applications, such as voice and video.

Mathias studied one Meru all-wireless office implementation with 123 VoWi-Fi phones. The wireless network delivered “very good toll quality” connections on all of them, he says. 

He calls the emergence of cellular/Wi-Fi dual-mode phones “a key development.” Many employees now carry cell phones around the office, which they can use to receive internal calls but only at a cost–cellular minutes–and only if in-building reception is good enough.

Dual-mode phones would let them be fully mobile within the office without having to incur cellular charges, and without having to carry two cordless phones, one VoWi-Fi, one cellular. Plus, there are the mobility-enhancing benefits of being able to hand off between cellular and Wi-Fi networks.

But, the single most important advance paving the way for the wireless office is 802.11n, with its ability to deliver bandwidth and throughput comparable or superior to fast Ethernet.

The need for speed

“11n changes the game,” Troyer says. Tennefoss agrees. “[It] was really the power boost that wireless needed to compete with copper,” he says.

The new Wi-Fi standard still isn’t as fast as Gigabit Ethernet, the standard for enterprise wired networks. But 11n delivers enough bandwidth–over 100 Mbps–that “almost any application is viable,” Troyer says.

Mathias adds, “It could be argued that you never really have enough [bandwidth on a network]. And there is no network without a degree of latency, and no network that never has capacity issues at least some of the time.” Nevertheless, 11n is sufficient for most office applications.

Nobody, however, is seriously suggesting the wireless office means no wires anywhere.

Even Mathias says, “I would never recommend going entirely wireless. If you’re talking about a server farm or interconnection of stationery devices, wire is a very good strategy. I never thought a wireless help desk or contact center made much sense either.”

More and more vendors, though, are touting the benefits of wireless mesh for distribution rather than running Ethernet cabling to APs. It delivers additional cost benefits by avoiding those cable runs. And in environments where cabling is impossible–Motorola’s Hajela cites the company’s all-wireless deployment at the 12th century Kilkenny Castle in Ireland–it can be the only way.

Troyer says, “Companies today are using Meru at the access layer for all wireless applications, but over time most are planning to migrate to using it at the distribution layer as well.”

Proceed with caution

Improvements in Wi-Fi don’t mean that implementing an all-wireless, or nearly all-wireless, strategy is a slam dunk, however. Network planning becomes much more critical. And vendors warn of other challenges–which of course, their products and architectures are uniquely able to overcome.

Tennefoss notes that first-generation 11n products, unlike Aruba’s, draw too much power to be able to use power over Ethernet (PoE), which could cause problems in some deployments. And older-design wireless network controllers may not be able to handle the traffic volumes inherent in an all-wireless approach.

Troyer argues that network controllers that let client devices decide which access point they’ll connect through–most, besides Meru’s–will make it difficult to do the kind of load balancing needed in a high-volume wireless network.

Nor do the lures of an all-wireless enterprise or the undoubted technological improvements mean the Fortune 1000 will embrace the concept en masse. There are still hold-backs–much of it just inertia, Mathias says.

IT professionals have lots of questions, he says. They’re still unsure about security and manageability.

“All those questions have answers, but they’re not well established yet.”

Another hold-back, Troyer says, is that cellular carriers have not promoted the idea of dual-mode cellular/Wi-Fi phone service–perhaps out of concern for lost cellular minutes.

That is changing, however. T-Mobile launched its Wi-Fi-based Hotspot at Home service in June. And Meru has worked with one regional carrier in the Northwest that is introducing an enterprise dual-mode service.

The wireless office: it may be an idea whose time has come–or it might take a few more years to mature. But, we’re guessing the inevitable convergence of wireless in the office and wireless outside the office means total wirelessness will become a reality for many companies sooner rather than later.

This article was first published on Wi-Fi Planet.

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